Abstract: The fix-grid method of characteristic (MOC) has been the main numerical scheme for modeling the transient pipe flows with an entrapped air pocket, where the Courant number Cr usually equals one (i.e., Cr=1) to ensure ...

Abstract: Water hammer flows are almost simulated by using the Eulerian mesh methods including the most popular method of characteristics (MOC). In this paper, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) of the Lagrangian meshless method ...