Abstract: A 75-year integration of a coupled atmosphere?ocean model is examined for tropical interannual variability. The atmospheric model has interactive cloud and a seasonal cycle. The fluxes of heat and salinity into the ocean ...

Abstract: AbstractDegree-days are a temperature index used for understanding the impact of climate change. Different methods to deal with climate model biases, termed bias correction or more generally calibration, yield different ...

Abstract: Spatially and temporally dependent fingerprint patterns of near-surface temperature change are derived from transient climate simulations of the second Hadley Centre coupled ocean?atmosphere GCM (HADCM2). Trends in ...

Abstract: This study compares the variability of surface air temperature in three long coupled ocean?atmosphere general circulation model integrations. It is shown that the annual mean climatology of the surface air temperatures ...

Abstract: econstructions of past climate show notable temperature variability over the past millennium, with relatively warm conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and a relatively cold Little Ice Age (LIA). Multimodel ...

Abstract: large number of perturbed-physics simulations of version 3 of the Hadley Centre Atmosphere Model (HadAM3) were compared with the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) estimates of outgoing longwave radiation ...

Abstract: erturbed physics configurations of version 3 of the Hadley Centre Atmosphere Model (HadAM3) driven with observed sea surface temperatures (SST) and sea ice were tuned to outgoing radiation observations using a Gauss?Newton ...

Abstract: olume transports from six ocean reanalyses are compared with four sets of in situ observations: across the Greenland?Scotland ridge (GSR), in the Labrador Sea boundary current, in the deep western boundary current at 43°N, ...

Abstract: aily maximum and minimum summer temperatures have increased throughout the majority of Europe over the past few decades, along with the frequency and intensity of heat waves. It is essential to learn whether this rise is ...