Abstract: he purpose of this study is twofold: to (i) establish three-dimensional (3D) longwave radiative transfer benchmarks for inhomogeneous cloud fields and (ii) compare the results with three approximate, 1D methods. The benchmark ...

Abstract: The interaction of clouds with solar and terrestrial radiation is one of the most important topics of climate research. In recent years it has been recognized that only a full three-dimensional (3D) treatment of this ...