Abstract: Blockages in urban water supply systems are commonly formed from various complicated physical, chemical, and biological processes; thus, they usually constrict randomly and nonuniformly along their lengths. Although the ...

Abstract: Plastic/viscoelastic pipes such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes have been increasingly applied in fluid piping systems. The understanding of the hydrodynamic ...