Abstract: Liquid water is produced in the updraft regions of subfreezing clouds when the generation of vapor excess over the water saturation value exceeds the vapor depletion through the depositional growth of the solid particles. ...

Abstract: A model of the melting snow and its radar reflectivity is presented here. The main addition to previous description of the melting layer is the explicit introduction of snow density as a variable. The model is validated ...

Abstract: A method is introduced for inferring cloud optical depth τ from solar radiometric measurements made on an aircraft at altitude z. It is assessed using simulated radiometric measurements produced by a 3D Monte Carlo algorithm ...