Abstract: Conventional equations for determining the variance‐covariance matrix of vertical angles, geodetic azimuths and distances are based on the standard law of propagation of covariance using the Jacobian matrix of the corresponding ...

Abstract: With recent advances in surveying field and computational techniques, the technical standards for boundary surveys of the individual states are rapidly becoming out of date and are inapplicable even now in controlling the ...

Abstract: If a perimeter control network is established on a construction site, electronic distance measuring equipment can be used to determine the positions on the site of points to be used in building layout. Radial surveying ...