Abstract: It is commonly observed in hydrographic sections crossing midocean ridges that the isopycnals on the ridge flanks slope downward toward the crests. Although the observed vertical scales of isopycnal dipping are not consistent ...

Abstract: High levels of diapycnal mixing and geothermal heating near midocean ridges contribute to the buoyancy fluxes that are required to close the global circulation. In topographically confined areas, such as the deep median ...

Abstract: To close the global overturning circulation, the production and sinking of dense water at high latitudes must be balanced elsewhere by buoyancy gain and upward vertical motion. Hydrographic and microstructure observations ...