Abstract: Models of the tropical atmosphere with crude vertical resolution are important as intermediate models for understanding convectively coupled wave hierarchies and also as simplified models for studying various strategies ...

Abstract: A simplified intermediate model for analyzing and parameterizing convectively coupled tropical waves is introduced here. This model has two baroclinic modes of vertical structure: a direct heating mode and a stratiform ...

Abstract: Recent observational analysis of both individual realizations and statistical ensembles identifies moist convectively coupled Kelvin waves in the Tropics with supercluster envelopes of convection. This observational analysis ...