Abstract: Shale is a transition material harder than soil and softer than hard rock. Treating shale as soil-like material in the Wave Equation Analysis Program (WEAP) could result in several construction challenges such as early ...

Abstract: Piles driven in Intermediate GeoMaterials (IGM) have possessed many design and construction challenges due to high uncertainty in the engineering properties of IGM, absence of geomaterial classification and static analysis ...

Abstract: Intermediate geomaterials (IGMs) have been long recognized as highly variable geomaterials that introduce challenges during the design and construction of driven piles. Because of the lack of a well-organized and ...