Abstract: This paper deals with the modeling and solution of an optimal direction observation scheme in two‐dimensional triangulation or triangulateration networks under a given precision criterion matrix of the estimated coordinates. ...

Abstract: In general, the purpose of geodetic network optimization is to solve for both a network configuration, i.e., the point location, and an observational plan, i.e., the types of observations together with the precisions of ...

Abstract: In China, normal height, which is the height above the geoid calculated using the mean normal gravity along the plumb line, is used in engineering applications. However, the adjusted global positioning system (GPS) height ...