Abstract: Because variations associated with the strut-and-tie model (STM) in the design of pier caps could lead to over-reinforcement of steel rebars, special attention should be paid to using STMs for reasonable rebar arrangements. ...

Abstract: In this study, reinforcing bars acting as dowels were investigated. Direct shear tests on specimens with a wide range of strengths for concrete (30 and 60 MPa) and steel (400 and 600 MPa) were conducted. Furthermore, ...