Abstract: n land data assimilation, bias in the observation-minus-forecast (O ? F) residuals is typically removed from the observations prior to assimilation by rescaling the observations to have the same long-term mean (and ...

Abstract: AbstractIntense tropopause-penetrating updrafts and gravity wave breaking generate cirrus plumes that reside above the primary anvil. These ?above anvil cirrus plumes? (AACPs) exhibit unique temperature and reflectance ...