Abstract: Unreinforced masonry (URM) walls have been constructed for the past millennia and are still widely used today. URM walls have proven to have low shear strength and are prone to brittle failure when subjected to in-plane ...

Abstract: Concrete structures deteriorate for various reasons and upgrading is needed to ensure their continued safe working conditions. Retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) beams have been accomplished using various techniques, ...

Abstract: The use of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls is common practice in different types of construction, such as interior or exterior walls. URM walls are typically deficient in flexural capacity when subjected to out-of-plane ...