Abstract: Observation of the half‐ and quarter‐intercepts in stadia surveying is often necessary for long sights, large vertical angles, and situations in which the line of sight is obstructed. Applying the standard stadia formulas ...

Abstract: When the radius and deflection angle of a horizontal circular curve are given, the other five curve elements can be directly computed. The elements include tangent distance, external distance, middle ordinate, length of ...

Abstract: Simpson one‐third formula for calculating the area of an irregular region requires that the intervals between measurements be equal. In practice, however, taking measurements at equal intervals may be neither economical, ...

Abstract: Intermediate transition and sidehill cross sections are normally established when the roadway section changes from cut to fill or vice versa. The average-end-area (AEA) and pyramid formulas are employed in practice for ...

Abstract: Existing surveying methods of computing the area of an irregular region approximate the boundary between offsets by linear or nonlinear polynomials. Most of these methods have the advantage of providing a formula for ...

Abstract: The magnetic declination problem involves the determination of present magnetic bearings (or azimuths) of township surveys for the purpose of retracement, based on original survey data. This paper presents an analytical ...