Abstract: This study utilized hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) models, created by integrating the extreme gradient boosting model with particle swarm optimization (XGBoost-PSO) and differential evolution (XGBoost-DE) algorithms. ...

Abstract: Scour is a natural phenomenon in alluvial streams around hydraulic structures due to the removal of bed material and often leads to their failure. Scour due to jets are the most prevalent form of scour seen downstream of ...