Abstract: Turbulent flows, from simple to complex, are predicted using various turbulence models. Free shear flows; wall shear flows, with and without separation; and more complex flows such as flow past an axisymmetric body or flow ...

Abstract: An overview of the second-order closure turbulence models is presented in this paper. Models studied include the

Abstract: To introduce the intermittency effects of the energy cascade process into turbulence modeling, a new fractal turbulence scale based on