Abstract: A Russian group, under the initial leadership of M. I. Budyko, has produced the first comprehensive analysis of monthly average surface temperature (January 1891 through May 1980) for the Northern Hemisphere on a 5°?10° ...

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Abstract: No Abstract Available.

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Abstract: An update of the Kellogg and Schneider climate feedback diagram that incorporates thermal inertia, meltwater, and vegetation feed-backs, and more clearly distinguishes external forcing and heat fluxes, is presented. This ...

Abstract: Satellite data are used to construct monthly mean snow cover maps for the Northern Hemisphere. The zonally averaged snow cover from these maps is calculated and used, along with zonally averaged sea ice cover and detailed ...

Abstract: A new parameterization of snow and ice area and albedo as functions of surface temperature is presented based on recent satellite observations of snow and ice extent. This parameterization is incorporated into a seasonal ...

Abstract: A numerical climate model is used to simulate climate change forced only by random fluctuations of the atmospheric heat transport. This short-term natural variability of the atmosphere is shown to be a possible ?cause? not ...

Abstract: Climate records of the past 140 years are examined for the impact of major volcanic eruptions on surface temperature. After the low-frequency variations and El Niño/Southern Oscillation signal are removed, it is shown that ...