Abstract: A global ocean general circulation model is forced using various upper boundary conditions (BCs) on temperature and salinity. Solutions are obtained under restoring and mixed BCs (i.e., a restoring condition on the upper-level ...

Abstract: Interannual variations of Australian climate are strongly linked to the El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. However, the impact of other mechanisms on prediction, such as atmosphere?land surface interactions, ...

Abstract: An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), a simplified atmospheric model (SAM) of surface heat flux, and various idealized analytic models have been used to investigate the atmospheric response over the North Atlantic ...