Abstract: Posterior spinal fixation based on long spinal rods is the clinical gold standard for the treatment of severe deformities. Rods need to be contoured prior to implantation to fit the natural curvature of the spine. The ...

Abstract: Posterior fixation with contoured rods is an established methodology for the treatment of spinal deformities. Both uniform industrial preforming and intraoperative contouring introduce tensile and compressive plastic ...