Abstract: A model is developed that treats, in a simplified way, the reflection of the direct solar radiation by a surface consisting of a soil-plane and protruding vertical plant elements, such as needles of pine trees or stalks ...

Abstract: Measurements of surface parameters in an arid steppe (the semi-desert of the northern Sinai) were made from the NOAA-6 satellite to assess the effects of the vegetation recovery in a fenced-off area. The radiances measured ...

Abstract: The albedo of a forest with snow on the ground is much less than that of snow-covered low vegetation such as tundra. As a result, simulation of the Northern Hemisphere climate, when fully forested south of a suitably chosen ...