Abstract: Closed-type shield tunneling methods were developed together with computer-aided automatic control systems. However, automatic control systems are based on empirical relationships and do not have a precise theoretical ...

Abstract: The pipe jacking method pushes a tunneling machine through concrete pipes ahead of the jacks. The main factors influencing the thrust force are friction around the pipe and face resistance. Both of these forces can be ...

Abstract: Simulation of the shield behavior is carried out by applying the model of the loads acting on the shield to the shield tunneling work. The shield tunneling was carried out using an earth pressure balanced shield in sandy ...

Abstract: The successful construction of cross passages in water-rich sand strata requires the ground reinforcement of soil in passage zones. To address these conditions, artificial ground freezing was introduced, which is an ...

Abstract: The kinematic shield model has been proposed to simulate shield behavior during excavation based on equilibrium condition, taking into account ground displacement around the shield. The model has been validated by the ...

Abstract: Unfrozen water is a critical component of frozen soil that determines its thermal and mechanical behavior and affects engineering structures during freeze–thaw cycles. Here, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance was used to ...