Abstract: Accurately measuring rock hardness at a tunnel face is crucial for evaluating rock mass quality and ensuring construction safety. This study developed a fast and accurate classification method for rock hardness. Firstly, ...

Abstract: This study proposes an intelligent method for recognizing the lithology of a tunnel working face by combining a convolutional neural network and visual transformer. First, an efficient method for collecting high-resolution ...

Abstract: In shield tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunnel construction, grouted pea gravel is used to fill gaps between the surrounding rock and segment rings, acting as a connecting layer that significantly impacts the support performance ...