Abstract: The combined effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing tendons cause gradual changes in the internal forces and deflections of composite beams. However, most of the research work conducted ...

Abstract: Stud shear connectors are the most widely used shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beams. The composite action of steel beam and concrete slab is effected by the stud shear properties directly. Thirty push-out ...