Abstract: Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) is a well-tested approach for specifying the fluxes when the roughness surfaces are homogeneous. For flow over waves (inhomogeneous surfaces), phase-averaged roughness length scales ...

Abstract: The legacy of structural artist Félix Candela is defined by his integration of thin hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) shells within architecture across the Americas. One such form is the inverted umbrella, arising from the ...