Abstract: Prior research suggests that excess (purposeful inclusion of margin beyond what is required for known system uncertainties) can limit change propagation and reduce system modifications. Reducing change costs increases ...

Abstract: Long-lived systems are likely to experience many independent modifications during their lifecycles. Prior literature provides tools for predicting how a change in a fixed system is likely to propagate, but these tools do ...

Abstract: Complex systems may operate in scenarios where the current requirements were “unknown” at the time of their original design. Such “unknown” requirements might be outside the probability distribution expected during the ...