Abstract: An improved geoid model for Taiwan was developed using land and sea gravity anomalies and altimeter-derived geoid gradients by least-squares collocation. The estimated model accuracy ranges from 2 cm in the flat area to ...

Abstract: In highway, railway, canal, and pipeline locations, the horizontal curves employed at points of change in direction are arcs of circles. A circular curve can be described by seven principal elements: (1) Radius of the ...