Abstract: A 1D transient model was proposed to investigate the effects of the current density operating modes on the cold-start process of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The temperature evolution of the cell is solved ...

Abstract: The porous structures of the catalyst layer (CL) for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells were reconstructed using the sphere-based simulated annealing (SA) method, in which different carbon sphere diameters, carbon ...

Abstract: In this paper, an alternative approach was developed for the form-finding of cable-membrane structures. The prestress of a triangular finite element was firstly equivalent to the axial force densities and uniform vertical ...