Abstract: In this work, engine-out particulate matter (PM) mass emissions from an off-highway diesel engine measured using a low-cost photometer, scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), elemental versus organic carbon (EC/OC) ...

Abstract: The transient dynamics of air flow running through the moving intake valve gaps in combustion cylinders is crucial to the performance of spark-ignition direct-injection engines. However, research on the air flow behavior ...