Abstract: A substantial part of the variability in the thermohaline circulation on decadal and longer timescales as found in ocean models is strongly related to the deep-water formation (DWF) process. Many of these studies, however, ...

Abstract: The modeling of vertical mixing by a turbulence scheme on the basis of prognostic turbulent kinetic energy (E) and a diagnostic length scale (l) is investigated with particular emphasis on the representation of entrainment. ...

Abstract: Three closure methods for the mass flux at cloud base in shallow cumulus convection are critically examined for the difficult case of a diurnal cycle over land. The closure methods are first evaluated against large-eddy ...