Abstract: lthough modeling and observational studies have highlighted a robust relationship between the Pacific meridional mode (PMM) and El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?namely, that the PMM is often a precursor to El Niño ...

Abstract: coupled model framework is presented to isolate coupled instability induced SST error growth in the ENSO region. The modeling framework using CCSM4 allows for seasonal ensembles of initialized simulations that are utilized ...

Abstract: AbstractThis study seeks to identify thermally driven sources of ENSO amplitude and uncertainty, as they are relatively unexplored compared to wind-driven sources. Pacific meridional modes are argued to be wind triggers ...

Abstract: During the positive phase of the North Pacific Oscillation, westerly wind anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific substantially increase subsurface heat content along the equator by “trade wind charging” (TWC). TWC ...

Abstract: AbstractThe contribution of buoyancy (thermal + freshwater fluxes) versus momentum (wind driven) coupling to SST variance in climate models is a longstanding question. Addressing this question has proven difficult because ...