Abstract: n the author?s experience as a forecaster, commercial aircraft sometimes report turbulence beneath midlevel clouds that extend above upper frontal zones. Turbulence caused by Kelvin?Helmholtz instability occurs in upper ...

Abstract: eep turbulent layers can sometimes be observed on the underside of clouds that extend above upper-level frontal zones. In a recent study based on 3D numerical simulations with idealized initial conditions, it was found ...