Abstract: The resolution of general circulation and other numerical models is usually characterized by their grid spacing or spectral truncation. In all models, some representation or parameterization of the effects of unresolved ...

Abstract: The flux form of the potential vorticity (PV) equation in isentropic coordinates is used to examine the effects of advection and the effects of parameterized mechanical and thermal forcing on the PV budget of the second ...

Abstract: To investigate the effects of the middle atmosphere on climate, the World Climate Research Programme is supporting the project "Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate" (SPARC). A central theme of SPARC, to examine ...