Abstract: AbstractThe present study develops a diagnostic framework for investigating the three-dimensional (3D) structure of mass-weighted isentropic time-mean (T-MIM) meridional circulations and conducts a preliminary analysis of ...

Abstract: nterannual variability of winter-mean East Asian cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and its relationship with the tropical climate system during 56 boreal winters (DJF) are investigated. The magnitude of CAO is quantified as ...

Abstract: AbstractIntraseasonal variations of East Asian cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in relation to the tropical atmosphere during 34 winters (DJF) are investigated. This study is a continuation of Part I, which discussed the interannual ...

Abstract: AbstractThe climatology of low-level cool air over the midlatitude oceans in summer is presented based on an isentropic analysis. This study focuses on isentropic surfaces of 296 K to analyze an adiabatic invariant referred ...

Abstract: he equatorward cold airmass flux below potential temperature ?T = 280 K across 45°N integrated from 90°E to 180° is used as an index to quantitatively measure cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in the East Asian winter monsoon. ...

Abstract: Cold surges occurrence is one of the robust features of winter monsoon in East Asia characterized by equatorward outbreaks of cold air from the high latitudes. Beside greatly affecting weather variability across the Far ...

Abstract: n analysis method is proposed for polar cold airmass streams from generation to disappearance. It designates a threshold potential temperature ?T at around the turning point of the extratropical direct (ETD) meridional ...