Abstract: In this study, annual water application costs per unit area (ha) have been analyzed at the level of irrigation subunit in set sprinkler irrigation systems designed with pipes of different materials. In the cost, investment ...

Abstract: The groundwater of the the Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh in central India over a large area is hard in nature due to its high mineral content. An elevated concentration of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42− in the groundwater ...