Abstract: Observational and climate model analysis showed that the anomalous sea surface temperature in the north tropical Atlantic (NTA) in boreal spring can trigger El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the subsequent winter. ...

Abstract: Confidence and uncertainty issues of simulations were seldom evaluated in previous studies although the climate models are widely used. This study evaluates the performance of the CMIP6-HighResMIP simulations in presenting ...