Abstract: As a well-known numerical approximation method, the least squares fitting method is widely applied in surveying engineering. The most important and difficult problem in this method is to determine the type of base function ...

Abstract: Experience with surveying practices has shown that correlated observations are very often encountered, especially in preprocessed observations. Hence, it is not only of theoretical interest, but also of practical interest, ...

Abstract: The least-squares estimation exhibits a poor performance in the presence of gross errors. One of the typical approaches to control the influence of outliers is to use robust estimation techniques. The well-established ...