Abstract: A 3-dimensional formulation for a poroelastic and chemical electric (PEACE) model is presented and applied to an intervertebral disc slice in a 1-dimensional validation problem and a 2-dimensional ...

Abstract: This technical note demonstrates two methods of incorporating the experimental stiffness of spinal motion segments into a finite element analysis of the spine. The first method is to incorporate ...

Abstract: Intervertebral disk degeneration results in alterations in the mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the disk tissue. The purpose of this study is to record spatially resolved streaming ...