Abstract: Environmental engineers frequently employ the assumption that steady-state conditions are approximated after three hydraulic residence times. In this paper, the conditions under which this assumption is valid are elucidated. ...

Abstract: Adsorption of heavy metals onto activated carbon has been described using the surface‐complex‐formation (SCF) model, a chemical equilibrium model. The SCF model requires a knowledge of the amphoteric nature of activated ...

Abstract: The effects of temperature and pH on aluminum concentrations in alkaline‐treated waters were examined using laboratory and field data. Residual aluminum concentrations were measured in the effluent from the Van de Water ...