Abstract: The expected cost of leak location and repair is estimated for shallow trench and directly buried underground heat distribution systems. Leaks in shallow trench systems can be found during a visual search using a bisection ...

Abstract: Early in the design process, problems can arise when information is incomplete and goals are not known precisely. When preliminary design evaluation is approached as a multiattribute decision-making ...

Abstract: Design optimization is often carried out with respect to a single objective, for example, weight, manufacturing cost, quality or robustness. However, when the design process is completed, a ...

Abstract: Uncertainty is a real and unavoidable part of the design process. Uncertainty in the area of manufacturing cost estimation can have a negative impact on the desirability of design alternatives, ...