Abstract: In this study, a methodology is proposed to improve the model initial conditions, based on available surface temperature observations from ships, buoys, and drifters. It is tested with the numerical prediction of the 12?14 ...

Abstract: The relative importance of various potential vorticity (PV) perturbations and their mutual interactions associated with the superstorm of 12?14 March 1993 are investigated by applying a piecewise PV inversion diagnostic ...

Abstract: In Part I of this series of papers, the static potential vorticity (PV) inversion diagnostics are performed to examine the lateral and vertical interactions between two upper-level (northern and southern) troughs and their ...