Abstract: The application of a 48-V mild hybrid powertrain system is one of the eco-friendly technologies for global CO2 reduction in the present sector of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It is well known that the energy management ...

Abstract: he methods used in earlier research focusing on the province of Ontario, Canada, were adapted for the current paper to expand the study area over the entire nation of Canada where various industries (e.g., transportation, ...