Abstract: Simple second-order closure models of quasi-geostrophic turbulence are derived, applying either to two-layer flows within isentropic boundaries, or to Eady-type frontogenesis with vanishing potential vorticity; homogeneity ...

Abstract: The inhibition of baroclinic instability in low-resolution quasi-geostrophic models is studied using a simplified second-order closure approximation. It is shown that this inhibition, which results in systematic overestimation ...