Abstract: The ratio between observed surface and geostrophic wind speed has been investigated from observations at the German Bight, taking geostrophic wind and the air-sea temperature difference as parameters. The ratio decreases ...

Abstract: The Beaufort equivalent scale of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), used for decades to transform marine Beaufort estimates to surface wind speeds over the oceans, contains systematic errors that depend nonlinearly ...

Abstract: Parameterization of turbulent wind stress and sensible and latent heat fluxes is reviewed in the context of climate studies and model calculations, and specific formulas based on local measurements are recommended. Wind ...

Abstract: On the basis of the collection of individual marine observations available from the Comprehensive Ocean?Atmosphere Data Set, major parameters of the sea state were evaluated. Climatological fields of wind waves and swell ...

Abstract: An inverse technique is used to adjust uncertain coefficients and parameters in the bulk formulae of climatological air-sea energy fluxes in order to obtain an agreement of indirect estimates of meridional heat transport ...

Abstract: A new optical disdrometer has been developed that is optimized for use in high wind speeds, for example, on board ships. The minimal detectable size of droplets is 0.35 mm. Each drop is measured separately with regard to ...