Abstract: A nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model is developed for a zonally uniform, tropical, two-layer ocean on a north-south vertical section. The lower layer is infinitely deep, at rest, and at constant temperature. The ...

Abstract: The zonally averaged conservation equations for water, linear zonal momentum, and potential heat (gz+cpT) are written in a form analogous to the mass continuity equation. This is possible when atmospheric storage terms are ...

Abstract: The surface wind stress curl is the forcing function in the equations of vertically integrated water transport of wind-driven ocean currents. Hence, it has become a basic quantity in theoretical oceanography. As the time ...

Abstract: From surface wind estimates published in the Dutch Atlas monthly charts of surface wind vergence over the Indian Ocean down to 50S were computed. Since the original data were smoothed by a low-pass filter, the charts exhibit ...

Abstract: We consider global climate models based on zonally averaged balance relations. Inherent boundary conditions require the meridional fluxes of non-negative properties (temperature, humidity, energy, etc.), as well as the ...

Abstract: The diabatic heating of the atmosphere can be very closely represented by the convergence of a vertical energy flux. It consists of two components: the flux of net radiation and the flux of precipitation. The latter comprises ...

Abstract: The diabatic heating Q is the ultimate driving force of the general circulation and climate. We present seasonal and zonal mean estimates of Q (order of magnitude 10?5 K s?1) for the atmosphere from 15°S-90°N and from ...

Abstract: No abstract available.

Abstract: The zonal mean flux vector of atmospheric heat transports is very closely nondivergent in the vertical-meridional plane. This is demonstrated for potential (cpT + gz) and latent heat. Thus the heat flux vector fields can ...

Abstract: now cover duration is commonly derived from snow depth, snow water equivalent, or satellite data. Snow cover duration has more recently also been inferred from ground temperature data. In this study, a probabilistic snow ...