Abstract: A rate model has been given for the bacterial die‐off in waste stabilization ponds. Die‐off rate has been expressed as the sum of die‐off rate in the dark and the die‐off due to light. The proposed rate model has been ...

Abstract: The depth dependence of bacterial die‐off was demonstrated experimentally both in batch models and in three pilot‐scale waste stabilization ponds with water depths of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, and 1.5 m. The dimensions of the ponds ...

Abstract: Seepage of wastewater from cesspools, and of leachate from green areas and parks, results in an annual groundwater rise of 0.5 m in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The rise causes several environmental and structural problems. A ...