Abstract: The development of computer‐integrated design systems requires formal models of engineering design. Object‐oriented approaches promise to have a major impact in this area. Two types of engineering design models that could ...

Abstract: The theory of a rough crack model for nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete is presented. The model accounts for shear dilation, degradation under cyclic loading, and other effects. The smeared crack ...

Abstract: Beam‐column elements in which plastic hinges may form are commonly used for elastic‐plastic analysis of frames. The concept of a zero‐length plastic hinge (lumped plasticity) is a mathematical abstraction, because it implies ...