Abstract: This paper describes a new definition of a map on the on-board unit (OBU) side as well as a new map-matching method for a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. Key points ...

Abstract: Many previous studies have demonstrated a high uncertainty in the relationship between El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In the present work, decadal modulation by the Atlantic ...