Abstract: Study objectives were to develop, validate, and apply a method to measure threedimensional (3D) internal strains in intact human discs under axial compression. A custombuilt loading device applied compression and permitted ...

Abstract: Nucleotomy is a common surgical procedure and is also performed in ex vivo mechanical testing to model decreased nucleus pulposus (NP) pressurization that occurs with degeneration. Here, we implement novel and noninvasive ...