Abstract: Robust estimation yields more accurate results than least-squares estimation in the presence of undesirable errors. It has been recently applied to the process of GNSS differential positioning in the standard fashion of ...

Abstract: Knowledge of the actual refraction coefficient is essential in leveling surveys and precise electromagnetic distance measurement reduction. The most common method followed by the surveyor for its determination is based on ...

Abstract: Absolute distance determination, which is the determination of distances consistent with the International System of Units (SI) definition of meter, is a current challenge for distances of several kilometers in the open ...

Abstract: This paper describes research carried out both to obtain the location and identify possible vestiges of the old geodetic benchmarks used by the expedition formed by French geodesists Arago and Biot and Spanish geodesists ...