Abstract: A technique is developed for the three‐dimensional alignment of a straight line from stations independent of the line itself. If a line is given by two points, no instruments are required to occupy the line. Alignment is ...

Abstract: An approach is developed to determine the area bounded by irregular curves. Points of maximum and minimum deviations from the datum together with points of curvature inflections are determined in the field and offsets to ...

Abstract: An inexpensive and simple technique was developed for the survey of inaccessible objects, in which the image of the target is formed at an accessible location by means of an optical beam splitter. The three dimensions of ...